On September 20, 1945, Truman signed an executive order abolishing the OSS.[77]. [26], From 1922 to 1924, while maintaining his private law practice, he also served as U.S. Attorney for the Western District of New York. Open-source code can be used for studying and allows capable end users to adapt software to their personal needs in a similar way user scripts and custom style sheets allow for web sites, and eventually publish the modification as a fork for users with similar preferences, and directly submit possible improvements as pull requests. Fast forward to 2018. OSS wanted smart, self-starters who could think on their feet. Snow suits like this one were worn by OSS's Norwegian Special Operations Group during behind-the-lines ski-parachute sabotage operations in Norway during World War II. Establishment of the CIA | Harry S. Truman The debate over open source vs. closed source (alternatively called proprietary software) is sometimes heated. [1][2] Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative, public manner. [46] Thomas has described the OSS as an "informal" and "freewheeling" place where "[r]ank meant little." Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda, subversion, guerrilla warfare and post-war planning. [49], Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and later Subversion (SVN) and Git are examples of tools, often themselves open source, help manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project. It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. [90] He is also known as the "Father of American Intelligence" and the "Father of Central Intelligence". [69] Also in August 1944, Donovan came into conflict with Churchill over the OSS's support for Greek anti-royalists. About 7,500 OSS employees served overseas, and about 4,500 were women (with 900 of them serving in overseas postings). William Joseph "Wild Bill"[1] Donovan KBE (January 1, 1883 February 8, 1959) was an American soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat. 1987 in the Reagan administration remembered, You didnt wait six months for a feasibility study to prove that an idea could work. They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the free software movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. Mussolini granted Donovan permission to visit the Italian front in Ethiopia, where he found Italy's military much improved since the war and predicted an Italian victory. [16] Serving in France, he suffered a shrapnel wound in one leg and was almost blinded by gas. Is control of nuclear weapons necessary to maintain peace? Their stated goals are to encourage the government's use of open source software, participation in open-source software projects, and incorporation of open-source community dynamics to increase government transparency. What Is Open Source Software and How Does It Work? | Synopsys "[47] When Hitler gave a speech declaring war on the United States, he mentioned Donovan, whom he called "utterly unworthy". [5], With the expectation of studying law, Donovan eventually transferred to Columbia University, where he looked beyond "Catholic dogma" and attended Protestant and Jewish worship services to decide whether he wanted to change religions. We can state that OSS was a tremendous success stories that brought a lot of positive effects. How American Operatives Saved the Man Who Started the Vietnam War Donovan's remarkable level of endurance, which far exceeded that of the much younger soldiers under his command, led those men to give him the nickname "Wild Bill", which stuck with him for the rest of his life. [42] He also had lunch with King George VI. David Bruce later recalled: "Woe to the officer who turned down a project because, on its face, it seemed ridiculous or at least unusual His [referring to the ideal officers in the OSS, contrasting with the aforementioned officers, who turned down such projects] imagination was unlimited. The CIA evokes images of clandestine activity, spies hiding in corners and covert overthrow of unfriendly government regimes. William J. Casey, who was OSS in World War II and later DCI from 1981 to [41], Open-source software is usually easier to obtain than proprietary software, often resulting in increased use. The George Bush Center for Intelligence, the CIA headquarters building in Langley, Virginia, has a statue of Donovan in the lobby. [28] There were a number of threats to assassinate him and to dynamite his home, but he was not deterred. Donovan, whose idea it was to hold the trials in Nuremberg, also introduced Jackson to useful foreign officials and even released OSS funds to bankroll the prosecution effort. In a 2005 study, Ghosh posited that the vast majority of open-source software developers identified as male, finding it unlikely that the proportion of female developers in the committee was much higher than 5-7 percent.[59] Additionally, Ghosh found that more than 60% of developers were between the ages of 16 and 25. He and his wife became a popular Washington couple, although Donovan's relationship with the acting Director of the Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover, briefly one of his underlings, was fraught with friction. The Department of State and the armed services arranged a Presidential decree that effectively banned OSS and several other agencies from acquiring and decoding the wars most important intelligence source: intercepted Axis communications. Jeffrey Voas, Keith W. Miller & Tom Costello. The first COI/OSS officers arrived in Britain in November 1941 before the US was even in the war. Colonel Aaron Bank, considered the founding commander of the first Special Forces Group created, served in OSS during World War II. The OSS replaced the former American intelligence system, Office of the Coordinator of Information (OCI) that was considered to be ineffective. "[11] However, while free and open-source software has historically played a role outside of the mainstream of private software development, companies as large as Microsoft have begun to develop official open-source presences on the Internet. [23], The Open Source Initiative's (OSI) definition is recognized by several governments internationally[24] as the standard or de facto definition. President Roosevelt liked the idea of moving COI to the Joint Chiefs. [87], Because open-source software generally allows for technology to be more affordable, digital solutions become accessible even in unanticipated fields such as precision agriculture.[88]. Andrew T. Pham, Verint Systems Inc., and Matthew B. Weinstein and Jamie L. Ryerson. [76], The term "open source" was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists. [71][72], As World War II began to wind to a close in early 1945, Donovan began to focus on preserving the OSS beyond the end of the war. Open Source Software - Part 1 "[4] Donovan attended St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute, a Catholic institution at which he played football, acted in plays, and won an award for oratory. [55], Mil-OSS is a group dedicated to the advancement of OSS use and creation in the military.[56]. Truman himself had similar concerns, but as the Cold War heated up, he became more open to its development. [57] (The British wanted to retain their empire; Donovan saw the empire, at least in some instances, as an impediment to democracy and economic development.) [25] He went back to work at his law firm, but also took an extensive journey to Europe, where he did business on behalf of J. P. Morgan and gathered intelligence about international Communism. The Creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) [6] He joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, rowed on varsity crew, again won a prize for oratory, was a campus football hero, and was voted the "most modest" and one of the "handsomest" members of the graduating class of 1905. Donovan and his wife split their time between Washington and Buffalo, where he continued to run his law firm. [8] This unit was mobilized in 1916 and served on the U.S.Mexico border during the American government's campaign against Pancho Villa. They comprised 93 teams that had two officers and an enlisted radio operator. Meanwhile, Donovan accepted a Truman appointment to head a committee studying the country's fire departments. [70], In the closing days of the war in Europe, Donovan spent much of his time in London, where he worked out of a command center that took up an entire floor of Claridge's Hotel. [47], Moreover, free software can be developed in accordance with purely technical requirements. In 1929, the Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, had abolished the highly effective Black Chamber, a code-breaking organization left over from World War I." [91], In 2011, it was suggested that a new federal courthouse in Buffalo be named after Donovan, but instead, it was named after Robert H. Jackson, his rival prosecutor at Nuremberg. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize open-source principles. A group of individuals at the session included Tim O'Reilly, Linus Torvalds, Tom Paquin, Jamie Zawinski, Larry Wall, Brian Behlendorf, Sameer Parekh, Eric Allman, Greg Olson, Paul Vixie, John Ousterhout, Guido van Rossum, Philip Zimmermann, John Gilmore and Eric S. Donovan's son, David Rumsey Donovan, was a naval officer who served with distinction in World War II. The session is created and on that host, the status is Pending. [66] During the weeks leading up to the Valkyrie plot to kill Hitler, Dulles, Donovan's man in Switzerland, who was in contact with the plotters, kept him abreast of developments. "[57] While some sociologists theorized that external motivationssuch as better jobs and career advancementwere the primary drivers for open-source software developers, Lakhani and Wolf found that enjoyment-based intrinsic motivationhow creative a person feels when working on the project was the most important driver.[58]. [85] One source says that he "was deeply involved in setting up C.I.A. [19], Assigned commanding officer of the 165th Regiment,[20] Donovan fought in another battle that took place near Landres-et-Saint-Georges on October 1415, 1918. "Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation. Office of Strategic Services - Spartacus Educational With Donovans leadership and outstanding training by the British, OSS began to quickly build a worldwide clandestine intelligence capability. [44], Donovan wanted to lead the CIA, and had many supporters who urged Truman to put him in charge. Examples of free software license / open-source licenses include Apache License, BSD license, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, MIT License, Eclipse Public License and Mozilla Public License. Open source is not dependent on the company or author that originally created it. As a result, if end-users violate the licensing conditions, their license disappears, meaning they are infringing copyright. "It is outrageous that nothing has been done to honor Gen. Donovan, one of America's greatest patriots, in Buffalo or western New York," declared Charles Pinck, president of the OSS Society, who had thought the naming of the cemetery after Donovan was "a done deal". [73] After Roosevelt's death in April, however, Donovan's political position was substantially weakened. National Archives and Records Administration, Excerpt from Colonel Richard Park Jr. Report on the OSS, William Donovan (Director of OSS) proposal for post-war intelligence agency outlined in memo to Mr. Harold D. Smith (Director of Bureau of the Budget), August 1945, Telegram, George Kennan to James Byrnes, February 22, 1946 ("Long Telegram" excerpt), Correspondence from Paul A. Neuland, May 6, 1947, with attached newspaper articles, Congressman Harold F. Youngblood, R-Detroit to Harry S. Truman, March 8, 1948, with attached petition reply from Matthew J. Connelly, Telegram, Joseph McCarthy to Harry S. Truman, February 11, 1950, with Truman's draft reply, Survey by the National Opinion Research Center, April 1950, Central Intelligence Agency Report on Iranian Political Situation, October 12, 1951, Interview with Harry S. Truman, 1961-62, from. This builds on the successful launch of the single VAT return for B2C digital services in 2015, referred to as the MOSS return. [79], Although the OSI definition of "open-source software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. In view of this, open-source practitioners are starting to use classification schemes in which FOSS licenses are grouped (typically based on the existence and obligations imposed by the copyleft provision; the strength of the copyleft provision). Background: OSS Development and Acquisitions | SpringerLink "From Tim came toughness and duty and honor to country and clan. After much discussion and debate over structure, Truman finally signed the National Security Act in September 1947, which gave birth to the CIA. In 1945, The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Station Chief Allen Dulles in Switzerland negotiated the early surrender of German forces in Italy and Austria days before the final surrender of Germany, saving many lives. In July of that year, at the behest of the State Department, he returned to the U.S. and took his cavalry troop to the Texas border to join Brigadier General John J. Pershing's army in the hunt for Pancho Villa. [50] The projects are frequently stored in "repositories" that are hosted and published on source-code-hosting facilities such as Launchpad, GitHub, GitLab, and SourceForge. Gregorio Robles[40] suggests that software developed using the bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns: Data suggests, however, that OSS is not quite as democratic as the bazaar model suggests. [6] For example, Unix included the operating system source code for users. The OSS was a wartime intelligence agency of the United States during World War II and a predecessor of the modern Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Collectively, these principles are known as open source, open content, and open collaboration:[92] "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants, who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and non-contributors alike. he told his men. "[22] He is buried in Section 2 of Arlington National Cemetery. [56], Donovan was in fact very active in virtually every theater of World War II. It was he who organized the COI's New York headquarters in Room 3603 of Rockefeller Center in October 1941 and asked Allen Dulles to head it; the offices Dulles took were on the floor immediately above the location of the operations of Britain's MI6. [67], A particular triumph for the OSS was the role it played in conveying intelligence from southern France in the run-up to the Allied landing on the French Riviera on August 15, 1944. [78] But shortly afterwards Donovan came into conflict with Jackson. Barrett is the world leader in long-range, large-caliber, precision rifle design and manufacturing. Office of Strategic Services Letter Removal Device, Office of Strategic Services Patch (Replica), Office of Strategic Services Escape & Evasion Knife, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). Examples are Donald Knuth in 1979 with the TeX typesetting system[7] and Richard Stallman in 1983 with the GNU operating system. But the modern-day CIA and the US Special Operations Command owe a great deal of their legacy to OSS and to General Donovan. OSSs Detachment 101 served in Burma, recruiting, training, and supporting native Kachin tribesmen to collect intelligence and fight the Japanese occupiers. When Allied troops invaded Burma in 1944, Detachment 101 teams advanced well ahead of the conventional combat formations, gathering intelligence, sowing rumors, sabotaging key installations, rescuing downed Allied fliers, and snuffing out isolated Japanese positions. While the term "open source" applied originally only to the source code of software,[89] it is now being applied to many other areas[90] such as Open source ecology,[91] a movement to decentralize technologies so that any human can use them. At the time, the OSS was operating a base in China's wartime capital, Chungking. [77] The OSI would prefer that people treat open source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe software licensed under an OSI approved license. America's entry into the war following the intelligence failure of Pearl Harbor led to the establishment of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) on 13 June 1942. With the liberation of France in 1944, the U.S. government turned to its primary coordinator of intelligence during the war: the OSS, created in 1942 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. They comprised 93 teams that had two officers and an enlisted radio operator. [51] Donovan was returned to active duty in the U.S. Army in his World War I rank of colonel. The ACUE financed the European Movement, the most important federalist organization in the immediate postwar years. You took the initiative and the responsibility. With open-source software, generally, anyone is allowed to create modifications of it, port it to new operating systems and instruction set architectures, share it with others or, in some cases, market it. Donovan was present for that invasion, too, after which he returned to Rome for a secret meeting with Hitler's envoy to the Vatican, Ernst von Weizscker. A high point came in 1923, when, as a result of continued pressure from Father Duffy, Donovan was finally awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic acts in the battle at Landres-et-Saint-Georges. Donovan was admired for his energetic and effective arguments before the Supreme Court, and was a favorite off-the-record source for the Washington press corps. Among his prominent recruits were film director John Ford, actor Sterling Hayden, author Stephen Vincent Bent, and Eve Curie, daughter of the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie. [51], Some of the "more prominent organizations" involved in OSS development include the Apache Software Foundation, creators of the Apache web server; the Linux Foundation, a nonprofit which as of 2012[update] employed Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux operating system kernel; the Eclipse Foundation, home of the Eclipse software development platform; the Debian Project, creators of the influential Debian GNU/Linux distribution; the Mozilla Foundation, home of the Firefox web browser; and OW2, European-born community developing open-source middleware. Open-sourcing is the act of propagating the open source movement, most often referring to releasing previously proprietary software under an open source/free software license,[82] but it may also refer programming Open Source software or installing Open Source software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer. Donovan's father, born in 1858, worked as the superintendent of a Buffalo railroad yard, as secretary for Holy Cross Cemetery, and attempted to engage in a political career with little success. Snow suits like this one were worn by OSSs Norwegian Special Operations Group during behind-the-lines ski-parachute sabotage operations in Norway during World War II. Finding a leader was difficult as well. What is the role of a secret intelligence agency in a transparent democracy? OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source. [45], Open-source development offers the potential to quicken innovation and the creation of innovation and social value. He traveled extensively in Europe and Asia and ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the Senate. At the peak of war operations in late 1944, OSS had grown to over 13,000 personnel.CIA history pages break down OSS personnel as follows: General Donovan employed thousands of officers and enlisted men seconded from the armed services, and he also found military slots for many of the people who came to OSS as civilians. [42] It has also helped to build developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product. Thanks to Donovan's spies, said Colonel William Wilson Quinn, the invading army "knew everything about that beach and where every German was." The best intelligence available to British and American commanders during World War II came from intercepted and deciphered enemy messages obtained through the ULTRA (German) and MAGIC (Japanese) Programs. In early 1943, Donovan created X-2, an elite counterintelligence branch with access to valuable ULTRA intelligence. X-2 personnel followed British security practices (more strict than those of other OSS elements) and operated somewhat independently to protect ULTRA. With this secret intelligence, X-2 guided OSS operations and developed innovative counterintelligence actions. Roosevelt also changed its name to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). His grandson, William James Donovan, served as an enlisted soldier in Vietnam and is also buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
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