The position of the boxes reflects the actual positions in the alignment (see Supplementary MaterialsFigure S5). mRNAs encoding several peptides and receptors, including Ci-YFV/L, Ci-YFV-3 receptor, Ci-GALP receptor, and Ci-LF-8 receptor, are expressed in the heart of Ciona13,57, suggesting that these peptides play important roles in regulating heart function. Ascidian homologs of mammalian thyroid peroxidase genes are expressed in the thyroid-equivalent region of the endostyle. Mikrosk. The neural complex has a very strong Kaede-positive signal that was described in the previous study18. Visual Connection Figure 29.3 Chordate features. Kaede-positive cells were also distributed in the DSP (Fig. Animals were soaked in the diluted L-menthol solution for 10min. J. Histochem. The eight zones of the endostyle are thought to have different functions. Br. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The stock solution was further diluted with 1% (volume per volume) artificial seawater before use. Opin. Organ-specific markers of the endostyle was proposed by comparing expression with the main organs of the ascidian. The PC2>Kaede line of Ciona, Tg[MiCiPC2K]2, was created by Minos-mediated transgenesis22,23 and provided by the National BioResource Project. The images in (D,E) were obtained under a confocal laser scanning microscope, and the image in (D) was obtained as a z-stack image. Overlapping expression of amphioxus homologs of the thyroid transcription factor-1 gene and thyroid peroxidase gene in the endostyle: insight into evolution of the thyroid gland. Peripheral organs, including the endostyle, pharynx, heart, and stomach are shown. Dev. The phylogenetic tree inferred from THR sequences using the maximum likelihood method. USA 104, 1021710222 (2007). The Haikouella fossils are about 530 million years old and appear similar to modern lancelets. However, the distribution and morphology of peptidergic cells in the peripheral organs remain to be elucidated. Hence, transgenic Ciona harboring the Kaede reporter gene construct driven by the PC2 promoter can be used to investigate the morphological features of peptidergic systems. The endostyle is embedded in the floor of the pharynx. In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits become the gills. 1B and 2A). (C) Kaede-positive cells in the posterior half of the transgenic Ciona framed in (A). (B) Magnified image of the right terminal of the heart. Both low- and high-magnification images showed that spindle-shaped Kaede-positive cells were distributed on the wall of the blood sinus facing the pharyngeal cavity (Fig. Salps are sequential hermaphrodites, with younger female colonies fertilized by older male colonies. Figure1 shows an overview of the distribution of Kaede-positive cells in the ventral area of transgenic adult Ciona. Here, we describe the complete ventral peptidergic system in adult transgenic Ciona robusta (Ciona intestinalis Type A) which expresses the Kaede reporter gene driven by the prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) gene promoter. PC2 is a major protease responsible for the endoproteolytic maturation of peptide hormones and neuropeptides. Sexes are separate and gametes are released into the water through the atriopore for external fertilization. The .gov means its official. The key anatomic parts of an adult Ciona are indicated by different fill patterns. Fujita H., Nanba H. Fine structure and its functional properties of the endostyle of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis. ascidians; cephalochordates; comparative genomics; endostyle; thyroid gland. Integr. In addition, the Kaede-positive tracts running along the raphe support the hypothesis that the rings of Kaede-positive neurons at either end of the heart exchange information via the raphe, and that the dominance of the pacemaker activity between the two ends of the heart is reversed by desensitization of the Kaede-positive neurons or by various stimulants released from the neurons. Considered in light of our previous data regarding the dorsal nervous system of adult ascidians19, those of the present study will contribute significantly to future explorations of the entire peptidergic system of Ciona and the evolution of chordate peptidergic systems. Proc. Arrowheads indicate Kaede-positive cells. 285, 158169 (1999). The initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying the neighbor-join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the JTT model as implemented in the software MEGAX [28] and then selecting the topology with the best log likelihood value. 1 and S3). We identified a previously overlooked hemolymphoid region (HLR), which harbors immune and blood cell clusters with enriched stemness capacities, illuminating a mixed rudiment and stem-cell niches for the blood and lymphoid system. At the bottom, there is the substitution per site, a standard measure for tree branch length. The sections were placed onto FRONTIER-coated slides (FRC-04; Matsunami Glass Ind., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and then mounted using Fluoromount (Diagnostic BioSystems, Pleasanton, CA, USA). We thank members of the Shimoda Marine Research Center at the University of Tsukuba for their kind cooperation. Moreover, the Ciona heart, unlike the aforementioned ventral organs, is likely regulated by cardiac peptidergic neurons. 149, 43464356 (2008). Vertebrates are members of the kingdom Animalia and the phylum Chordata (Figure 29.2). A subsequent study reported that the esophagus epithelium is comprised of only ciliary-mucus cells48. Zool. Repertoires of G protein-coupled receptors for Ciona-specific neuropeptides. Sci. Stoyek, M. R., Quinn, T. A., Croll, R. P. & Smith, F. M. Zebrafish heart as a model to study the integrative autonomic control of pacemaker function. The anus empties into the excurrent siphon, which expels wastes and water. Sci Rep 10, 1892 (2020). Interestingly, each cell extended a cilium less than 10m from the middle of the cell, suggesting that these cilia are primary cilia (Fig. Lond. Due to similarities in iodine concentrations and peroxidase activities, the thyroid in vertebrates is considered to originate from the endostyle of invertebrate chordates even though it is a glandular (mucus-producing) organ for aquatic suspension feeding. 85, 15371541 (1990). Kaede-positive cells were specifically distributed in the anterior pharyngeal blood sinus (Fig. It is generally considered to be an. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. (C) Kaede-positive cells in the posterior end of the endostyle and pharynx. J. Mar. Cephalochordates are suspension feeders. The specification of the endostyle in non-vertebrate chordates and of the thyroid gland in vertebrates are fundamental steps in the evolution of the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling to coordinate development and body physiology in response to a range of environmental signals. Multiple cell types in the endostyle have been thought to be progenitors of complex organs in advanced vertebrates. The proteins were aligned to highlight the occurrence and positioning of the homologous conserved domains; the positions of the boxes reflect the actual positions in the alignment (see Supplementary MaterialsFigure S1). (, OSG-based expression similarity analysis. The notochord extends into the head, which gives the subphylum its name. Numerous Kaede-positive cells distributing in the folds of the stomach are shown. Anat. 377, 293308 (2019). Kaede-positive cells were aligned in two rows in the endostyle (Fig. 2B,C). Interestingly, calcitonin mRNA was expressed in the Ciona endostyle12. Mol Cell Endocrinol. Sci. PubMed Central To obtain Suspended material is filtered out of this water by a mucous net produced by the endostyle and is passed into the intestine via the action of cilia. Cells. 5AC). The endostyle possesses two major functional regions: the glandular region with mucus-producing activity and the thyroid-equivalent region with iodine-binding and . Endocrinol. Kaede-positive ciliated columnar cells, rounded cells, and tall ciliated cells were observed in the alimentary organs, including the endostyle, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestine, suggesting that digestive functions are regulated by multiple peptidergic systems. Google Scholar. The oral siphon was removed to make the blood sinus more visible. Biochem. The endostyle is an epithelial exocrine gland found in non-vertebrate chordates (amphioxi and tunicates) and the larvae of modern lampreys. H.S. Waldrop, L. D. & Miller, L. A. Altogether, these findings suggest that the peptidergic regulation of the brain-stomach and brain-gut axis is a conserved property in chordates. Seawater enters the tunicates body through its incurrent siphon. The endostyle is an epithelial exocrine gland found in non-vertebrate chordates (amphioxi and tunicates) and the larvae of modern lampreys. 218, 27532763 (2015). Generally, zones 1, 3, 5, and 8 of the endostyle are thought to spread and laterally transport secretions from other zones 26. J. Biol. PubMed Thus, we now have the nonavian reptiles and the avian reptiles in our reptilian classification. The PC2 gene is evolutionarily conserved and expressed specifically in major peptidergic systems, including the endocrine, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems of vertebrates and Ciona17,18. Transgenic Ciona were raised and supplied by the National Bioresource Project of Ciona (MEXT, Japan). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Identification of endogenous peptides in the Kaede-positive cells of the Ciona blood sinus and the elucidation of their physiological functions will provide further insights into the evolutionary process of peptidergic circulatory systems in chordates. Mol Cell Endocrinol. Arrowheads indicate Kaede signals along the blood sinus, which is also known as the retropharyngeal band. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 2003;20:10251030. ABS, anterior pharyngeal blood sinus; AH, anterior hood; En, endostyle; EnAp, endostylar appendix; Es, esophagus; Ph, pharynx; RB, retropharyngeal band; St, stomach. 8600 Rockville Pike Due to similarities in iodine concentrations and peroxidase activities, the thyroid in vertebrates is considered to originate from the endostyle of invertebrate chordates even though it is a glandular (mucus-producing) organ for aquatic suspension feeding. Bookshelf By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. The Distribution and significance of organically bound iodine in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis Linnaeus. 848, 4562 (1999). Traditional phylogenies place the cephalochordates as a sister clade to the chordates, a view that has been supported by most current molecular analyses. 370, 129142 (2017). Diagram representing the thyroid hormone, Diagram representing the thyroid hormone signaling system. There is no consensus regarding the types of Ciona esophagus epithelial cells. Emerging evidence implies its complex cellular composition and potentially versatile functions. Multiple cell types in the endostyle have been thought to be progenitors of complex organs in advanced vertebrates. A food cord is present in the stomach. Front view of the anterior end of the endostyle is shown. 2000 May;210(5):231-42. doi: 10.1007/s004270050309. 8600 Rockville Pike Part of the tunic, body-wall muscle, and pharynx were excised under a fluorescence stereomicroscope (Leica M205 FA; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany), and the whole animals were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at 4C overnight. In this study, we characterized the peptidergic system in the ventral region using PC2 promoter-driven Kaede-transgenic Ciona. supervised the study. 2022 Nov;390(2):189-205. doi: 10.1007/s00441-022-03679-w. Epub 2022 Sep 1. 1965;163:136149. Although the localization of these peptides and receptors has yet to be rigorously investigated, the broad distribution of Kaede-positive cells in the stomach and intestine suggests that certain neuropeptides, including Ci-TK, cionin, Ci-GALP, Ci-LF-8, and Ci-YFV-3, participate in regulating all functions of the stomach and intestine. (2012) [30]. 1C) and between the right terminal of the heart and the stomach (Fig. Legal. USA 100, 77267730 (2003). Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx (the region just posterior to the mouth) that extend to the outside environment. Dev Genes Evol. Cell Tissue Res. 51, 14591466 (2003). PubMed (E) Magnified image of the Kaede-positive cells in the esophagus. Biol. USA 110, E20282037 (2013). (E) Magnified image of the Kaede-positive tract emerging from the nerve plexus. More excitingly, we discovered a mechanical-sensitive hair cell candidate in zone 3 homologous to vertebrate acoustico-lateralis system, which was supported by the expression of in situ hybridization-verified inner ear-specific markers, including PTPRQ, USH2A, WHRN, and ADGRV1, ultracellular structure evidence and cross-species comparison. Sasaki, N., Ogasawara, M., Sekiguchi, T., Kusumoto, S. & Satake, H. Toll-like receptors of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis: prototypes with hybrid functionalities of vertebrate Toll-like receptors. Tall, ciliated Kaede-positive cells constructing the esophagus epithelium are shown. ( A ) The expression level, OSG-based expression similarity analysis. ( A , C, Transcriptional profile similarity between human, Transcriptional profile similarity between human tissue and the endostyle in S. clava ., MeSH A confocal microscope with 20 or 40 objective (FLUOVIEW FV1000; Olympus) was used for observation. Google Scholar. Schou, K. B., Pedersen, L. B. Bioessays. Would you like email updates of new search results? The post-anal tail is a posterior elongation of the body, extending beyond the anus. Histol. 2023 Apr 19;14(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s13227-023-00212-0. The scale at the bottom is the substitution per site, a standard measure of tree branch length. 523, 16831700 (2015). The image in (E) was obtained under a light microscope. 304 - Exam 1 Practice Questions View this set Google Scholar. Kaede-positive cells in the endostyle were observed continuously near the posterior end of the pharynx, and a small number of the cells was observed in the endostylar appendix (arrows). Sci. Endostyle, a transitional pharyngeal organ exclusively in basal chordates provides an opportunity to reveal the origin of pharyngeal organs. Hematoxylin-eosin staining clearly showed the eight zones of the endostyle in a horizontal section (Fig. Here we will consider the traditional groups Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia, which constitute classes in the subphylum Vertebrata/Craniata. Und Mikrosk. Invest. The pharynx is an endoderm innovation in deuterostome ancestors, the vertebrate descendent structure of which is a pharyngeal developmental organizer involving multi-germ layer and organ derivatives. Click for a video discussing the evolution of chordates and five characteristics that they share. Food particles trapped in the mucus are moved along the endostyle toward the gut. The tracts appeared to connect the peptidergic rings of both ends of the heart, suggesting that the raphe plays an important role in regulating the heart. 5E). performed the research; Y.S. 2022 Jan 28;11(3):453. doi: 10.3390/cells11030453. (E) Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the horizontal section of the endostyle. The pharynx is an endoderm innovation in deuterostome ancestors, the vertebrate descendent structure of which is a pharyngeal developmental organizer involving multi-germ layer and organ. J. Exp. doi: 10.1017/S0025315400017021. Anderson, H. E. & Christiaen, L. Ciona as a simple chordate model for heart development and regeneration. (B) Kaede-positive cells in the framed region shown in (A). The junction between the heart and blood sinus connecting to the stomach is shown. PubMed Brain Res. Ciona robusta is referred to as Ciona in this manuscript in accordance with the description in the database of transgenic lines of the National BioResource Project of Japan (http://marinebio.nbrp.jp/). 2008;46:657672. Suisan Gakkaishi 71, 299306 (2005). 152, 24162427 (2011). 265, 30543058 (1990). The dorsal hollow nerve cord is derived from ectoderm that rolls into a hollow tube during development. Furthermore, Kaede signals formed a tract that ran along the raphe (Fig. Nerve fiberlike tracts ran along the raphe and appeared to be connected with the plexuses. (D) Kaede-positive cells in the esophagus. EMBO Rep. 16, 10991113 (2015). Tall Kaede-positive cells constructing the stomach epithelium are shown.
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